Abstract: Pipeline safety is related to the human life and property security, and monitoring the state of pipeline structural health in time is the precondition to ensure pipeline safety running. The optical fiber sensing technology developed in recent several years provides technical support for pipeline safety monitoring. Since the choice and usage of sensors is first considered in structural monitoring, the systematic composition, basic principles and key technology of SOFO point sensors, FBG quasidistributed sensors, BOTDR and BOTDA distributed optical fiber sensors were presented in details, and their performance and features were further comparatively analyzed. On the basis of this, FBG and BOTDA optical fiber monitoring systems used to monitor pipeline deformation, and OTDR distributed temperature sensing technology based on Roman scattering effect and the oil and gas pipeline monitoring system based on mode distribution modulation interference technology were investigated. Their advantage and disadvantage applied as monitoring sensors were discussed, which provided selection foundation for future pipeline monitoring.